Thursday, November 4, 2021

TV News Production - Content Research

 Content Research


Throughout the project, I conducted relevant research to our content. It was of utmost importance to ensure that all information used was factually accurate and was of high credibility. I used the UCA library, where all the sources are credible, various news sites like BBC News, Government websites, academic journals etc. to try and ensure credibility of sources. 


With regards to our live OB news item, we used those who had shared their experiences of being spiked to shape our story. The first-hand experience ensured that we were coming at the story from a more sensitive angle, giving a voice to spiking victims, and not telling their story when we hadn’t had first-hand experience of the subject ourselves. 


I collected facts and figures to inform the audience and hit them with key facts. I found statistics relating to the number of spikings in the UK (Robinson, 2019) and put them into the script. I had to work out percentages when using these statistics so that I could put them into a graphic that had greater relevance, in terms of content, to our piece. I also looked at websites that specialise and deal with spiking such as, the NHS website and drinkaware. 

To provide the sustainable fashion news package with some impartialiity, I looked at the websites of popular fashion retailers, Primark and H&M, collecting information on their company policies when it comes to sustainable fashion (Primark, 2021) (H&M, 2021). With our contributor Trent being in the fashion industry, we were able to gather some of his knowledge and insight into sustainable fashion and include this within our news package. 



Bibliography:


Primark. (2021) Primark reinforces its commitment to environmental sustainability. At: https://corporate.primark.com/newsroom/primark-cares/primark-reinforces-its-commitment-to-environmental-sustainability/n/4f0cae86-6bda-438a-bc52-c6b1e1c09df3 (Accessed 01/11/2021)


H&M. (2021) H&M Spring 2021 Drives Innovation in Sustainability Further - With a Fashion Forward Sporty Minimalist 90s Vibe. At: https://about.hm.com/news/general-news-2021/h-m-spring-2021-drives-innovation-in-sustainability-further---wi.html (Accessed 01/11/2021)


Robinson, B. (2019) 'I collapsed in the street after drink spiking' In: BBC News 27/11/2019. At: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-50508559 (Accessed 01/10/2021)


TV News Production - Website and Social Media Links

 Website and Social Media Links

Click here for our Website: https://19034087.wixsite.com/up2date



Click here for our Instagram: 

https://www.instagram.com/u2d_news/



TV News Production - Green Screen Workshop

 Green Screen Workshop



In the greenscreen workshop, we had George sit down in front of the greenscreen. The lighting used to light the greenscreen and George were LED light panels. When setting up, we discovered that George’s glasses were an issue as the reflection of the LED panel lights appeared in his glasses. In order to fix that, we had George remove his glasses. We will have to take this into consideration when filming our news items and promo. 


Once we shot a clip of George, we then imported the footage into After Effects. We were shown by technical tutor, Ferg, how to replace the green background with a different background and how to fix the remaining green spill. In order to reduce the spill from the green of the green screen, we used the advanced spill suppressor tool. 


As a result of this workshop, I learnt how to edit a greenscreen background in Adobe After Effects, which I will use going forward when it comes to the editing of our project.


TV News Production - Camera Workshop

Camera Workshop

The camera workshop introduced us to the Panasonic AG DVX200 4K camera.

Figure. 1


When setting up the Panasonic camera, it is key to ensure that you take your time and set up the sound, white balance, exposure, focus, framing, and format (SWEFF2). Ensuring that the time and date is correct is another key aspect of setting up the camera as it allows you to easily find and access the clips that you want when editing your footage. Having the time and date also allows for the logger to accurately log and timecode the footage, making it easier for the editor to find the footage. 

It was suggested that when shooting our news package/live OB, we could record wild track (for example, sounds of the sea, guns firing, cars revving) to dub and cover gaps within the coverage (Moloney, 2021). This is something to think about and potentially carry out when we are shooting our news package/live OB, as it could add more and increase and/or create an emotional connection with the audience. 

Upon viewing our footage, we realised that the audio from the clip mic was too loud. For future reference we will ensure that the person wearing the clip mic will be asked to have a conversation with one of the crew rather than a quick brief few words, which will aim to ensure that the audio is at a good level and isn't too loud. The ideal sound level is within the range of -12db to -20db (Moloney, 2021). Our sound was set to -16db, but we could've gone lower than that so that the incoming audio was quieter.  


Bibliography:

Fig. 1 Panasonic (2021) Panasonic AG DVX200 Camera. [Photograph] At: https://business.panasonic.co.uk/professional-camera/4k/AG-DVX200/Fixed-lens-4K-Memory-Card-Camera-Recorder (Accessed 07/10/2021).

Moloney, F. (2021) TV News Production: Camera Workshop. [Kent: University for the Creative Arts 07/10/2021]. 




TV News Production - Analysis of a News Programme's Branding

 Analysis of a News Programme’s Branding


With Channel 4 News being one of the news platforms to have the highest number of viewers within our target age range of 16-35-year-olds (25%) (Broadcasters Audience Research Board, 2020), I conducted an analysis on Channel 4’s branding.


Channel 4’s branding is incredibly simple, yet effective. A simple number 4 is used alongside a 

Channel 4 news possesses a website as well as various other social media platforms. Channel 4’s logo holds simplicity as it is the number four made up out of simple shapes. When creating our logo, I used simple shapes and ensured that there weren’t too many elements to our logo as to make it more memorable and avoid people being overwhelmed by it. I used bold colours so that the logo would stand out. With global online media consumption doubling in 2020 (Koetsier, 2020), and most news platforms (including Channel 4) using social media and having their own websites, I decided to create a website and social media accounts for our news channel. 


There are often images at the very beginning of Channel 4’s Broadcasts

Within Channel 4’s news programmes, graphics displaying statistics are often used and are either displayed on a screen behind the anchor or as a visual. When editing our project, I will input graphics in as it is a more visual and interactive way of telling a story to an audience, rather than having them watch the anchor the whole time. Hopefully, it will allow for the audience’s interest to be maintained. 


Channel 4 maintain a consistent colour scheme (purple, black, grey, and white) throughout each of their news programmes. This consistent theme allows for the audience’s attention to be maintained and for their focus to be on the news and content at hand rather than being distracted by the colour scheme constantly changing. In response to this, we will keep our colour scheme consistent throughout, maintaining the use of the colours from our chosen colour palette. 


Channel 4 uses a mixture of graphics, images, B-roll, interviews, and the presenter in the studio. Their news programme often starts with an image. Going forward with our news programme, we will look into inputting these aspects into our piece. However, we want to appear more friendly in the tone of our news programme than that of Channel 4’s and have a greater sense of interactivity between the anchor, news programme and the audience. 




Bibliography:

Channel 4. (2021) Channel 4 News. At: https://www.channel4.com/programmes/channel-4-news (Accessed 04/11/2021).

Koetsier, J. (2020) ‘Global Online Content Consumption Doubled in 2020’ In: Forbes 26/09/2020 At: https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkoetsier/2020/09/26/global-online-content-consumption-doubled-in-2020/?sh=7e4c3af02fde (Accessed 24/10/2021)

TV News Production - Evaluation

 Evaluation

https://youtu.be/iCU6WrlbIY0

https://youtu.be/QVtOkjFNrv0

The task for this unit was to create and produce content for a news channel that you have created, with a live OB news item, a news package, and a promotional video (Turrell, 2021). 

With this project, I wanted to step out of my comfort zone and try out a different role within the production team than my usual role as producer. I discussed the roles within my group and was then made editor. Taking on a role that I have limited experience in was nerve wracking, but it allowed me to learn and develop new skills that I would’ve otherwise not learnt.


As editor, I was in charge of editing the whole project (the live news item, the news package, and the promo). This was my first time editing a project using both Premier Pro and After Effects. I used Youtube tutorials to help me learn along the way and had to play around with the software to achieve the finished product. It was a process of trial and error. 


When filming our news anchor pieces, the reflection of the LED light panels appeared in Ryan’s (the anchor) glasses and the shadows of his glasses under his eyes were distinct. In order to try and deal with this, we moved the lighting panels above Ryan’s head. This didn’t wholly fix it, but a slight difference was made. For future reference, we will aim to take this into account so that we can try to avoid it. 


Whilst filming the promo, we realised that the script that was written didn’t sound completely natural so, we edited it whilst filming. This allowed for the promo script to make more sense and allowed for a greater interactivity/connection with the audience. Upon editing the promo, I had to refresh my memory on how to replace a greenscreen with a background. I used a video on Youtube to help me with this process (Ignace, 2019). To fix the issue of the remaining spill from the greenscreen on Ryan, I used the advanced suppressor tool, which helped tidy this up. When exporting the footage, we realised that there was an issue with a cross fade I had used when editing the main video in Premiere Pro and the masking I had done in After Effects. To solve this issue with the limited time we had, Heather White and I put a dip to black transition in between to get rid of this. When editing the promo, I also learnt how to input social media links into the video. I played around with the graphics and eventually worked out how to do this. Through editing the promo, I gained the knowledge of replacing a greenscreen with a background in After Effects, using the keying tool and learning how to input social media graphics into a video clip.

Figure. 1 U2D News Promo


When it came to the graphics, I struggled at first. The graphics that I found most challenging to input was the one that involved the statistics of spikings in the UK. I had to edit percentages, different axis and input various data information in order to create it. After much patience and determination, I learnt how to input and edit graphics into our project. 

Figure.2 U2D Fashion Retailer Quote Graphic

Figure. 3 U2D Live OB Reporter

Figure. 4 U2D Spikings Statistic Graphic


With our news platform, we wanted to ensure we had some diversity within our piece. Our aim was to include at least one woman within our piece. 

With coverage on violence on women prominent within the media, particularly with the rise in spiking cases at the minute, it was fitting that the story on spiking be told by women, from a woman’s perspective, hence our decision for a female news anchor to accompany our female-led spiking items. 


When editing the sustainable fashion item, I struggled to structure it as we couldn’t get a contributor that we wanted (Primark), so we were missing a chunk of our script. There was also no storyboard, meaning I found it hard to find to understand what vision the director had in mind for the story and the piece lacked an arc. Thinking on our feet, Heather White (Producer) and I decided to get Ryan to record various voice overs to place into the item and also inputted stock footage and graphics. By doing this, we were able to piece together and recover the narrative. 


Throughout the whole editing process, I was ensuring that I responded to the feedback provided by Beth Turrell. Beth’s feedback provided an outsider's perspective and allowed us to see the project in a different light. As it’s your piece of work, you have a subjective opinion, so gaining Beth’s insight gave us a sense of objectivity towards our piece. Through this, we were able to make most of the changes suggested.

Figure. 5 Beth Feedback Notes 1

After filming the sustainable fashion interview with Trent, Beth mentioned to us that Trent’s background was not the best and appeared to potentially give him less credibility as an artist. The reason behind us not taking Trent’s background into consideration was that we wanted to make him as comfortable as possible. We did ask him to close his curtains so that he was visible and not hard to see because of the light. However, going forward, we will always aim to take the background of any contributor or talent into account, whilst trying to maintain their comfort. 

With regards to the background of our anchor, I would use the green screen room next time. The background we used was not brilliant, it was very dark and the room looked quite institutional-esque, not what we were going for. 

In the background of Jade’s interview, there was a sign displaying  “don’t worry, be happy”. Due to the severity and seriousness of the story, Beth fed back to us that it appeared to be making us seem flippant. In response to this, Heather and I blurred out the writing on the sign in Premier Pro. 

Figure. 6 U2D News Jade Rogers Interview


Figure. 7 Beth Feedback Notes 2

With the spiking story, we received the feedback that there wasn’t much purpose why Will was specifically chosen as a contributor, with this in mind, Heather and I went back and watched Will’s interview again and changed the footage that we had in the edit for other moments within Will’s interview. We gave Will more of a purpose within the story, getting a pub manager’s perspective on the spiking situation and giving the story a bit more of an arc in terms of what action is being taken with regards to the situation. After facing rejection from multiple pubs and clubs when finding contributors, we were grateful that Will Gentry had agreed to be interviewed. We wanted to include a pub or club’s perspective to avoid bias. When receiving feedback about Will as a contributor from Beth during the rough cut viewing, I reflected upon this and voiced that we could’ve used Labour MP for Balham, Furzedown, Earlsfield, and Tooting, Dr Rosena Allin-Khan, who started a petition calling for local businesses to act now and make changes in response to the rise in spiking cases and violence against women (Allin-Khan, 2021). However, going forward, I will think about the purpose  of contributors in terms of development being shown within the story. 

Figure. 8 Beth Feedback Notes 3


When filming the anchor pieces, we used the autocue, allowing for the anchor to deliver their lines more fluently. 


Due to the time constraints of this project and the amount of footage that we had captured, I had to cut down the footage and leave out bits of footage that we wanted to include. As a result of this, I learnt about the process of carefully selecting footage in order to build a clear narrative that had a sense of fluidity. 


As a result of editing this project, I now know how to input graphics into Premier Pro and change a greenscreen background in After Effects, amongst other things. I will take the skills that I have learnt into future projects, and continue to develop them. 


Next time, I will ensure that the background is carefully thought about so that it is more visually pleasing to the audience. This unit has helped me to gain a greater knowledge and understanding of how to use software such as Adobe Premiere Pro, Adobe After Effects, and Adobe Illustrator. Going forward, I will continue to try and develop my editing skills. I thoroughly enjoyed learning how to input graphics into Premiere Pro. 



Bibliography:

Allin-Khan , Dr R. (2021) Safe Space Campaign. At:https://www.drrosena.co.uk/safespace.html (Accessed 04/11/2021)

Fig. 1 Potter, Elsie. (2021) U2D News Promo [After Effects, screenshot] (Accessed 04/11/2021)

Fig. 2 Potter, Elsie. (2021) U2D Fashion Retailer Quote Graphic [Premiere Pro, screenshot] (Accessed 04/11/2021)

Fig. 3 Potter, Elsie. (2021) U2D Live OB Reporter [Premiere Pro, screenshot] (Accessed 04/11/2021)

Fig. 4 Potter, Elsie. (2021) U2D Spikings Statistic Graphic [Premier Pro, screenshot] (Accessed 04/11/2021)

Fig. 5 Potter, Elsie. (2021) Beth Feedback Notes 1. [Photograph, portrait] In possession of the author: Rochester (Accessed 04/11/2021)

Fig. 6 Potter, Elsie. (2021) U2D Jade Rogers Interview [Premiere Pro, screenshot] (Accessed 04/11/2021)

Fig. 7 Potter, Elsie. (2021) Beth Feedback Notes 2. [Photograph, portrait] In possession of the author: Rochester (Accessed 04/11/2021)

Fig. 8 Potter, Elsie. (2021) Beth Feedback Notes 3. [Photograph, portrait] In possession of the author: Rochester (Accessed 04/11/2021)

Ignace Aleya - How To Green Screen Removal Like a Pro in After Effects Tutorial (2019) [Online Video] At: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTh2CWXzOH4 (Accessed 02/11/2021)

Turrell, B. 2021 TV News Production Handbook. Kent: University for the Creative Arts. (Accessed 04/11/2021)

TV News Production - Branding

Branding

When in the ideas lab, we decided upon a colour scheme that we would use for our news brand. 

With the chosen colour scheme, I then went on to design the logo. 
Figure. 1 Cheerful Citrus Colour Palette

Rather than find a pre-made logo online, I decided to challenge myself and create a logo from scratch, which I did through the use of Adobe Illustrator. As I had never used Adobe Illustrator before, I struggled to navigate it, leading me to have to use a tutorial. I used basic shapes and put them together in order to create a fully formed logo. With our news platform/brand being called UP2Date News, I decided to include an arrow pointing upwards within the P of the logo. Upon feeding back the first logo to my group, it was suggested that I add orange into the logo, which I then did in the centre of the logo. I also added a slight orange glow to the outer ring of the logo. 





Figure. 2 Up2Date Trial Logo (2021)

Figure. 3 Up2Date Logo (2021)
Once the logo was created and approved by my peers, we created pages on various social media platforms. Ryan Perry created an Instagram page, whilst I created a Twitter and Facebook page. The reasoning behind creating social media pages on Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook is that they are the three most popular platforms used for news consumption in the UK (Ofcom 2021). In addition to this, 73% of adults consume their news online (Ofcom, 2021). Through creating social media pages, it adds a sense of connection as it allows for further direct engagement with the consumers. 


Bibliography:
Fig. 1 Stitch Palettes (2019) Cheerful Citrus Colour Palette. [Photograph] At: https://stitchpalettes.com/palette/cheerful-citrus-spa0155/ (Accessed 07/10/2021)
Fig. 2 Potter, E. (2021) Up2Date Trial Logo. [Logo] In possession of: the author: Rochester. 
Fig. 3 Potter, E. (2021) Up2Date Logo. [Logo] In possession of: the author: Rochester. 
Ofcom. (2021) News Consumption in the UK. At:https://www.ofcom.org.uk/research-and-data/tv-radio-and-on-demand/news-media/news-consumption (Accessed 07/10/2021)




 

TV News Production - Scripts

 Promo Script

Ryan wrote the script for the promo piece, however, when shooting, we edited it as a group so that it flowed better. With our target audience being 16-40-year-olds, we went for a more informal approach, whilst still maintaining a sense of professionalism and a news-style format. We wanted to create a more friendly and interactive news platform. 



Live OB Item Script


https://docs.google.com/document/d/1890VEhgehhoKRx2En8AW0zPNPJF2cOUjd8b2QWuSfLc/edit


Ryan and I collaborated when writing the live OB item working script. I created the basic outline of it, entering statistics, dialogue and the key information and Ryan then added in his anchor pieces. I felt that it was better that Ryan wrote his own dialogue so that he would appear more natural and less robotic/scripted when carrying out his role as news anchor. When writing the scripts for this unit, I looked back at the layout and format of the documentary script I helped to write for the documentary unit and based the news scripts on that (Potter 2021)

When writing the script for the live OB item, we had to take into account the sensitivity of the topic at hand, spikings, and think carefully about how our script would be worded. 

With Jade Rogers’ segment in the live OB, we wanted it to be led by her as the story that we were telling was hers, so we used more open-ended questions. When filming, we adapted the questions that were asked as we were responding to what Jade was saying and allowing her to be the one to lead the interview. With Jade leading the story and what was being said, it allowed for a “complex issue” to be personalised (Kobré, 2012), creating a greater emotional connection with the audience. 



News Package Script

TV News Production - Sustainable Fashion Working Script


Ryan and I collaborated again with the News Package Script. I created a basic script that Ryan then inputted his news anchor pieces into. When filming, we had to adapt the scripts so that they had more of a flow to them, sounded less robotic, and fitted in more with our vision. We also had to adapt them to what the contributors were saying so that the structure of the story made sense. 

We used more open-ended questions to allow the audience to gain a greater insight of the story and the contributors’ views on the importance of sustainable fashion. 

In order for our news item to remain impartial, we got statements from retailers to get their side of the story as to what they’re doing with regards to sustainable fashion. 


Bibliography:


Kobré, K. (2012) Videojournalism: Multimedia Storytelling. Oxford: Focal Press. At: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xb9y5pvumaYC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false (Accessed 04/11/2021).


Potter, E. (2021) Television Production Blog: Documentary Script and Interview Questions. At: https://elsiepottertvpblog.blogspot.com/ (Accessed 04/11/2021).

Wednesday, November 3, 2021

TV News Production - Pre-Production Paperwork

 Pre-Production Paperwork

Due to us shooting at multiple locations, there were a lot of risk assessments to complete therefore, I helped the producer (Heather White) out by completing two of them for two of our potential locations. The locations that I completed risk assessments for were back up locations for if we couldn't get the location we wanted for our live OB report. When completing the risk assessments, I had to ensure that covid protocols were taken into account. Once I had filled out the risk assessments, I sent the off to Production Coordinator, Laura Coull. 










In order to use the footage with external contributors in, we had to fill out release forms and get the talent to sign them. 



With regards to contributors, I reached out to sustainable fashion designer, Trent Porter, who agreed to be interviewed for our sustainable fashion news item. As one of our other contributors (a fashion student) cancelled last minute, we had to come up with an alternative. I contacted some fashion design students I know and got two of them to agree to being filmed and helping us film the B-roll for our sustainable fashion news item. When setting up to film in one of the fashion rooms at UCA, there were some fashion students already working in there, so we asked them if we could film them instead. When finding contributors for our live news OB, it was harder as it is such a sensitive topic. We used social media to put a message out and ask anyone if they'd be willing to take part. It took us a couple of weeks to find anyone willing to be on camera, but Heather found a contributor who was willing to help. I emailed the contributors/talent and got them to complete and sign a release form, which was then sent back to me. 





TV News Production - Analysis of News Package

 Analysis of News Package

With Channel 4 News being one of the news platforms to have the highest number of viewers within our target age range of 16-35-year-olds (25%) (Broadcasters Audience Research Board, 2020), I chose to conduct an analysis on a news packaged produced and broadcast by ITN and Channel 4 News. The content of the news package looked at Poland's rule-of-law row with the EU (Channel 4 News, 2021) and the fact that it was Angela Merkel’s last EU summit. 

The news package uses multiple shots. The main shots used within the item are medium shots, medium long shots, shots of the video link and wide shots. Whilst filming our the content for our news platform, we will consider these common shots used within news and potentially input them into our work. 

Within the news item, a direct question is posed to the audience, "But what can the EU actually do?" (Channel 4 News, 2021). The question itself is short and is answered immediately, without a pause in between. With an immediate answer being provided, it leaves little time for the audience to pause and think. When it comes to our news package and live news item, we will try to include a brief pause before an answer is given to a question and will aim to break up the speech of the anchor so that the audience isn’t bombarded. 

B-Roll of Angela Merkle is used frequently within the item. The reason behind this most likely being the fact that it was Angela Merkle’s last EU summit (The Guardian, 2021). Footage is shown of her entering the summit and exiting it as well as footage from her first EU summit. It is a full-circle moment. Angela Merkel has been a present figure and played a central role within European politics throughout her term as Chancellor of Germany (Kampmark, 2021), therefore it is an important topic to be covered within the item. 

Throughout the news item, an explicit opinion on the matter of whether the presenter sides with the EU or Poland, is not given in order for impartiality. However, through the questions asked throughout the interview with Radek Sikorski (former Polish Foreign Minister and current member of the European Parliament), the ratio of coverage shown of the European Union, it is implied that the anchor and potentially the broadcaster are more in favour of the European Union than the Polish governments. 

In addition to this, the tone towards Mateusz Morawiecki, the Polish Prime Minister, appears to be more negative than that of the tone towards the European Union. This implicitly highlights Channel 4's stance on this human rights issue. 

A clip of EU Commission President, Ursula von der Leyen, addressing the EU saying “It is my commission's duty to protect the rights of EU citizens wherever they live in our world” was selected for the item. This statement is a one-liner and appears to have been selected carefully. It provides the EU’s view on the Polish Government’s actions and ideology. It could also be suggested that it implies Channel 4’s view on the Polish government, being more in favour of the EU than the Polish government.  

With regards to this, we will take into account the issue of bias and impartiality, which was also mentioned in the talk with Will Rayner. 

Throughout the interview with Radek Sikorski, the camera shots switch between a medium close-up shot/the video link of Radek Sikorski and a wide shot of the news anchor facing away from the audience, looking at the screen behind him, displaying the video link of Radek Sikorski.  When filming the content for our news platform, we will take this into consideration about how to go about shooting the anchor and cutting  the item together in the edit. 

The story reflects upon and relates to the fact that there is often little change when it comes to world issues. The war in Iraq, unrest, and climate change are referred to within the item. 

To add light to the heaviness of the story, there is B-roll of those at the EU summit appearing to be friendly and civil towards each other. This could possibly provide some sense of hope to the audience that despite such terrible issues going on within the world, there is some sense of harmony. As the content of our platform is rather heavy, particularly the spiking story, we will take into account how we can go about bringing a sense of hope to the audience. 


Bibliography:

Boffey, D. (2021) ‘You are a monument’:EU Leaders hail Angela Merkel at ‘final’ summit’ In: The Guardian 22/10/2021. At: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/22/monument-eu-leaders-hail-angela-merkel-final-summit (Accessed 01/11/2021)

Broadcasters Audience Research Board. (2020) What People Watch: Age Profile of news viewing. At: https://www.barb.co.uk/trendspotting/what-people-watch/what-people-watch-edition-4/ (Accessed 06/10/2021)

Channel 4 News (2021) [Television Programme] Channel 4 21/10/2021. (Accessed 22/10/2021)

Kampmark, B (2021) Auf wiedersehen, ‘Mutti’: How Angela Merkel’s centrist politics shaped Germany and Europe. At: https://theconversation.com/auf-wiedersehen-mutti-how-angela-merkels-centrist-politics-shaped-germany-and-europe-153447 (Accessed 01/11/2021)